Misogyny as Violence in Gender Perspective

Misogyny is the behavior of someone hating women, both from men and fellow women. This behavior often places and views women as the cause of blame in a problem, even for something that is not really a problem. Misogyny causes a person tends to hate, look down on, blame, label and discriminate against women. This behavior is often associated with male privilege, patriarchal customs, and gender discrimination. In practice, this behavior will place men in a superior position, while women in an inferior position. In certain cases, misogynism can even increase the risk of physical, psychological and sexual harassment of women. There are two problems discussed in this study: 1) misogyny in the perspective of gender-based violence and 2) the relationship between misogyny and violence against women. This research is normative juridical research supported by empirical data on gender-based violence against women. Primary and secondary legal materials were collected through literature study. The research approach used is the statutory regulation, the legal concept, and the legal argumentation approach. Analysis of the collected data was carried out qualitatively. Misogyny is a form of violence against women that is motivated by a negative stigma against women. The patriarchal culture makes a big contribution to the perpetrators of misogyny; therefore, misogyny is classified as gender-based violence. Violence perpetrated includes physical, psychological and sexual violence. The perpetrator views the victim as an object that deserves bad treatment. Perpetrators of misogyny, not only men, but also by fellow women. Misogyny acts committed by women cannot be separated from efforts to survive from women who feel threatened because of the superiority


Introduction
The struggle for gender equality continues to be echoed by gender equality fighters. Gender equality is a hope especially for women to be able to be in a balanced position with men (Martam, 2016;Prasisca & Sutikno, 2015). In the concept of gender which was originally only based on sex that occurs naturally, namely men and women, now shifts to discussions about the social roles of men and women. The concept of gender that has been growing and developing in society has created inequality and is the root of patriarchal culture. The term gender itself is still widely interpreted literally in terms of gender differentiation (Qibtiyah, 2009;Bangun, 2016;Salam et al., 2021). The genderbased distinction refers to biological differences while the concept of gender refers to the social construction formed by society in relation to the relationship or relationship between men and women related to their roles and respective duties. The concept of gender itself is still biased because society views gender as the nature of men and women; therefore, women are naturally in a lower position than men (Eddyono et al., 2016;Zulaiha & Mutaqin, 2021).
Women in a patriarchal culture tend to be the object of acts of violence, a culture that always marginalizes women places in which the women are in an inferior position and men are always in a superior position (David, 2015;Fetterolf & Eagly, 2011). Changing times, technological developments and the rapid development of science have pushed women as marginalized people to start overhauling themselves, which were previously women as "decoration" in the house with household obligations, now women have determined their existence to be able to stand on equal footing with men. The determination of women fighters for gender equality faces many challenges and obstacles, these challenges can not only come from men as the opposite sex, but the rejection and challenges of women's gender struggle also come from fellow women who do not want women to have equality. The emergence of women haters gave birth to a term called misogyny (Uluğ et al., 2020;Greitemeyer et al., 2015).
Weakening of the position of women is not only carried out by men. However, it is often done by fellow women themselves. Therefore, women are easy to be harassed and even get physical and psychological violence. A person's behavior that leads to hatred of women is known as misogyny (Morley, 2011). Misogyny is behavior of hatred or distrust of women, in which they are considered stupid, petty, ridiculous and all bad things are done by them. The hatred towards women is expressed through words, symbolizing actions to the habit of harassing women in everyday life (Díaz & Valji, 2019). Misogyny as a form of discrimination against women is an expression of hatred against women from both men and women which is carried out in verbal and non-verbal forms, the hatred is carried out in linguistic forms in various ways such as social exclusion, gender discrimination, hostility, androcentrism, patriarchy, male privilege, belittling women, slander, deprivation of women's rights, violence and sexual harassment committed against women (Alfitri, 2014). In everyday life, misogyny can be seen from the designation of pelakor, the slang word meaning woman who snatches other woman's husband, that tends to blame women for the affair. Negative stigma is also formed by society towards women having sex before marriage, unmarried women and widows. This is very different if the status is attached to men (Parahita, 2019).
The misogynistic attitude of a woman is called internalized misogyny, women who have this type of misogyny group the women into inferior and superior groups (Frenda et al., 2019). The grouping is based on "standards" that they set themselves as a result of the sexist views they have on women themselves. A sexist view of a person will lead to a stereotype as to what and how "standard" a person can be accepted and belong to certain groups (Tranchese & Sugiura, 2021). To change misogyny attitudes, it can be done by changing patterns and perspectives on gender understanding bias. With these changes justifications and attitudes that demean women can shift to patterns of attitudes that support and respect other women as well as with other sexes. The tendency of misogyny towards genderbased violence is an inseparable correlation to violence against women. Based on this pattern, the tittle of this researched is formulated: "Misogyny as Violence in Gender Perspective". In this study, two problems will be discussed, namely: 1) misogyny in the perspective of gender-based violence and 2) the relationship between misogyny and violence against women.

Methodology
As scientific legal research, this research is normative juridical research supported by empirical data related to gender-based violence against women. To support this research, the primary and secondary legal materials used and obtained through literature study using several approaches namely the statutory regulation, legal concept, and legal argumentation approach. The specification of the research used is descriptive analytical, namely by describing the applicable laws and regulations associated with legal theories and the practice of implementing positive law relating to problems. The statutory approach taken to conduct research is by referring to the laws and regulations relating to gender, namely Law Number 39 of 1999 concerning Human Rights, Law Number 23 of 2004 concerning the Elimination of Domestic Violence, Law Number 12 of 2006 concerning Citizenship, Law Number 7 of 1984 concerning Ratification of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), Law Number 5 of 1998 concerning Ratification of the Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel or Inhuman Treatment or Punishment Humanity, the 1993 International Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women, and other policies on human rights. The approach based on these laws and regulations will be supported by an approach to legal concepts consisting of legal theories and principles; therefore, a meeting point of similarity and difference will be found that will assist in the data analysis process. The data analysis in this study was carried out qualitatively.

Misogyny in the perspective of gender-based violence
Gender is a contemporary issue that grabs the attention of many people, from religious people, academics to politicians (Kavanagh et al., 2019;Buiten & Salo, 2007). At the time of the Greek kingdom, women were traded and made as the objects of power by men. In the female aristocracy class, they were locked up in the palace, had no inheritance rights and were in the power of their husbands. For unmarried women, they will be in the power of their fathers and brothers. In Chinese and Hindu civilizations, the fate of women even has to end their lives when their husbands die by being burned along with the burning of their husbands' bodies. Gender based violence is not a simple symptom that is easy to recognize.
The issue of gender inequality continues to be echoed throughout the world, in Indonesia alone the level of violence against women has increased to 792% in 2019. Based on records from the National Commission on Violence Against Women, counting backwards for the past 12 years, at least every year there has been an 8-fold increase in acts of violence against women. women every year. Forms of violence that occur against women occur in the private, public, minority communities, disability and even violence against women carried out by the state in the form of discrimination.
Discrimination against women continues to occur, even in modern times. This paradigm occurs because of the ancient paradigm that still persists in a patriarchal society, the impartiality of the law and government towards women and the erroneous understanding of religion. Patriarchy itself is a system in social structure and social practices in society in which there is domination of men by oppression to exploitation of women. There are three groups towards gender equality, namely: 1. Fundamentalist groups; these groups are orthodox group that openly rejects the concept of gender equality. 2. Liberal groups; these groups are groups of people who receive the concept of gender based on the sexes. 3. Progressive groups; these groups belong to the modern society groups which begin to conduct a progressive study by making corrections and criticisms.
Gender issues inherent in patriarchal society regarding discrimination against women do not only apply to men, the emergence of concepts where fellow women who have a tendency to hate fellow women are the beginning of the emergence of the term misogynism. Misogyny means hatred of women. A person who hates women (misogynist) can make hate speech against women, whether intentional or not. A woman who has hatred for other women or internalized misogyny is often equated with a gynophobia (McCullough et al., 2020). However, the two things are two different things when viewed from the concept of each understanding. Gynophobia is a phobia or excessive fear of women, so that sufferers will feel panic or anxiety when dealing with women, it can be categorized as a disease with medical implications.
Gender-based violence is a social phenomenon that has existed for a long time, the factors that cause gender-based violence are complex and interrelated with one another (Milne, 2002). This violence is a global public health problem and a violation of human rights that is a major feature of humanitarian crises. Misogyny in the perspective of genderbased violence is a deliberate act committed by a misogynist that results in harm to a woman or a girl.
Perpetrators of violence against women are not limited to age, education level, gender, religion, social status, economic status, psychopathological conditions and other things. There are two trends in acts of violence against women: a. there is a view that women are weak creatures so that they are easy to be victims of violence. b. there is a kind of expectation about the ideal woman, both regarding conditions, behavior, and abilities, in which women are expected to be in perfection that can meet that person's expectations.
Violence against women is increasingly putting pressure on the movement of women who fight for the elimination of gender-based violence, the struggle is not limited to the context of gender equality but also in the context of eliminating internalized misogyny (Flood & Pease, 2009). Forms of gender-based violence in the context of a misogyny perspective are the same as classifying forms of gender-based violence in general. The groupings are physical and psychological violence. Physical violence can be interpreted as a form of action that results in the victim experiencing pain, injury, and even death. Psychological violence is an act or speech that causes fear or loss of confidence in a person so that the person loses the ability to act and feels helpless as the victim. Based on the place where the violence occurred, it can be identified, among others: a. Domestic violence Article 1 number 1 of Law Number 23 of 2004 concerning the Elimination of Domestic Violence, domestic violence is any act against a person, especially a woman, which results in physical, sexual, psychological misery or suffering, and/or neglect of the household including threats to commit acts, coercion, or deprivation of liberty against the law in the household environment. The relationship with misogyny in the perspective of gender-based violence in the household is seen from the number of acts of domestic violence committed by female family members against other women in the household, such as violent relationships between mother-in-law and daughter-in-law. Many cases found in society that women-in-law commit violence both physically and verbally to daughters-in-law, including domestic violence perpetrated by female employers against female domestic workers in the household environment. This action can be called family violence (violence that occurs in family members as a whole), while intimate violence is domestic violence that occurs between husband and wife or couples.
b. Gender-based violence in society, Misogynistic groups also exist in society, in which internalized misogynists will categorize women based on the eligibility based on the standards they set themselves, the tendency that occurs where women who do not meet the "standards" of the internalized misogyny group will get violence in the following forms, among others: 1. Not given the opportunity to gather and organize. Gender-based violence by not giving freedom to someone, especially women by misogynistic groups, is included in a violation of Article 28E paragraph (3) (2) of the amendment to the 1945 Constitution it is stated that "every citizen has the right to work and a decent living for humanity", reaffirmed from the economic aspect in Article 28D paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution " Everyone has the right to work and receive fair and proper remuneration and treatment in an employment relationship". More specifically in Article 23 paragraph (1) of the General Declaration of the United Nations (UN) on Human Rights, it is stated that "everyone has the right to work, the right to freely choose a job, has the right to the just and good labor conditions and to protection against unemployment". 5. Women trafficking to be employed or prostituted. Women trafficking is part of human trafficking, the perpetrators of this crime are charged with a crime that refers to Law Number 21 of 2007 concerning Eradication of the Crime of Trafficking in Persons.
c. State violence, In a misogynistic context, the state can also be the perpetrator of violence against women which is called start violence against women. Gender-based violence against women in the state is the responsibility of policy makers and their officials directly or indirectly. The forms of gender-based violence committed by the state are as follows: 1. Actions that are the source of violence against women and actions that are potential for affirmation (justification) of violence against women. 2. Acts of neglecting and allowing violence against women to occur in society. 3. State actions that directly commit various forms of violence against women.
The existence of the state in providing protection to women from violence that is oriented towards gender discrimination is very much needed by all citizens. The state is obliged to carry out a criminal policy which is part of social politics (social policy) as an effort to provide security and welfare to citizens. d. Violence at work.
Gender-based violence in the workplace, especially related to misogynism, occurs in relation to work relationships, including: 1. Trafficking of women to be employed as commercial sex workers or other non-formal sectors, 2. Refusing to hire female workers, 3. Providing lower wages/salaries to female workers for the same work as male workers, In Law No. 80 of 1957 concerning the Ratification of the ILO Convention No. 100 regarding wages, it is stipulated that between men and women are entitled to remuneration of equal value. This is in line with the mandate of the constitution as a form of state responsibility in fulfilling constitutional rights related to the right to life, the right to work and the right to a decent living, the right to to work and get remuneration, the right to fair treatment in an employment relationship, the right to get the same recognition, guarantee, protection and legal certainty before the law, the right to a sense of security that is free from all forms of discrimination. e. Violence in politics. The United Nations General Assembly agree that in the case of violations of women's human rights, the government bears social and political responsibility for the actions of the third parties. Therefore, the government has the right to take action to prevent, investigate and punish all forms of violence against women. Including genderbased violence against women in politics, the state is obliged to ensure the involvement and provide space for women to take an active role in the politics of the nation and state. Law Number 2 of 2008 concerning Political Parties and Law Number 10 of 2008 concerning Elections provide a mandate about the need for political education that pays attention to justice and gender equality. The Law on Political Parties has emphasized the portion of women's representation in the management of political parties, as well as the Election Law stipulating a minimum of 30% of women who occupy seats as members of the council.
Misogyny in the perspective of gender-based violence is a violation of women's right to identify themselves because women are subordinated to men leading to human distortion.

The relationship between misogyny and violence against women
There is a relationship between misogyny and violence against women. As described above, misogyny is a form of hatred against women that is not only done by men but by fellow women themselves. The strong correlation between hatred and violence becomes a common thread attracting each other. The hatred will trigger the intention and desire to hurt and commit violence against the things that are hated. Misogyny groups have a tendency to commit violence against women, because they are the objects of hatred of misogyny groups. In order to know the relationship between misogyny and violence against women, it is important to firstly look for the cause of the misogyny; therefore, the consequences of misogyny can be found, namely acts of violence against women. Some causes of hatred in misogynistic groups are (Blake et al., 2021): a. Childhood trauma. Trauma is an abnormal mental or physical body that occurs due to mental stress or physical injury due to an event that is very memorable and cannot be forgotten. Misogyny can be formed from childhood. A person can become misogyny due to the treatment he received in childhood in which he received physical and psychological violence from women. For example, a person becomes misogyny because he has been a victim of violence from his biological mother, female family members or even from a wider community environment, causing trauma and deep hatred for women. b. Wrong parenting. Misogyny behavior can arise as a result of wrong upbringing from parents and the family environment. This pattern can arise when someone feels unfair behavior in the family, for example a child becomes resentful of his sister because he sees unfair treatment by parents that arises because of jealousy. c. The mindset of toxic masculinity. The patriarchal system which views women and men as being in an unequal position creates a social phenomenon. Symptoms arise where women hate their nature as women in order to maintain themselves, so that the emotional and psychological management that emerges is the concept of masculinity that poisons themselves. This pattern is called toxic masculinity.
The characteristics of a misogyny can be seen from: a. How to treat women. The most easily recognizable trait of a misogyny is how the person treats women. A misogyny will treat men with kindness and friendliness. On the other hand, with women, a misogyny will be rude, indifferent, cynical and even tend to lead to actions that demean women. A misogyny will have no guilt for his attitudes and behavior that intimidate or oppress women. He will instill a pattern in himself that the act of intimidating and oppressing women is right and women are indeed objects of violence and intimidation. b. Feeling unrivaled. A misogyny has a very competitive nature towards women, it is difficult to accept the superiority of women. c. Be selfish and like to manage. A misogyny has a more dominant masculine attitude; thus, he will feel confident that his position is superior as men are always above women. This superior trait makes it difficult for a person with misogyny to compromise with circumstances and the environment. A misogyny tends to be authoritative in a relationship. For example, in a household, a man with a misogyny attitude will be selfish and do not care about the wishes of his partner. Likewise, internalized misogyny (women who hate women) in the family such as mother-in-laws degrading the position of the daughter-in-law by positioning the daughter-in-law as a servant, not as a member of the family. d. Blaming women. Misogyny men and women have a tendency to blame women for events that occur in their lives. Generally, misogynistic men in emotional relationships will make unhealthy relationships (toxic relationship).
Based on the cause of a person being misogyny, it is very understandable why a misogyny has a great hatred for women, there is a causal relationship between it. There are things that cause excessive hatred for women; therefore, the form of that hatred is acts of violence. Violence perpetrated by a misogyny against women becomes a form of expression of deep hatred to destroy and hurt what is hated. Misogyny in the rule of law is not an action that can be immediately sanctioned, because the pattern of misogyny is included in mental and psychological patterns, it will only become part of the legal realm when the hatred has been manifested in an action that causes a criminal offense. The crimes that may occur as a result of hatred from a misogyny are as follows: a. Physical violence, which can be classified as physical violence against women from the aspect of criminal law: 1. Persecution. It is an act that intentionally causes pain or injury to another person. In the Criminal Code, maltreatment is defined as a crime against the body that is carried out intentionally so as to cause injury and pain to the body of another person. Rape. It is generally perpetrated by men against women or girls. The crime of rape is regulated in Article 285 of the Criminal Code "Whoever by force or by threat of forcing a woman who is not his wife to have sex with him, because of rape, is sentenced to a maximum imprisonment of twelve years". 3. Sexual Exploitation. It has several forms of sexual activity that often occur including prostitution, pornography and trafficking in persons for sexual purposes. Criminal offenses in sexual exploitation can be seen based on the way the sexual exploitation is carried out, here are some forms of sexual exploitation: a. Prostitution. Prostitution in positive law in Indonesia is included in the realm of criminal law, prostitution is considered a crime against decency, morals and acts against the law. Judging from the rules in criminal law contained in the Criminal Code, prostitution can refer to the provisions of article 296 in conjunction with article 506. Article 296 "Whoever whose livelihood or habit is to intentionally carry out or facilitate obscene acts with other people is threatened with imprisonment for a maximum of one year. years and four months or a maximum fine of fifteen thousand rupiahs" in conjunction with Article 506 "whoever as a pimp (sounteneur) takes advantage of a female prostitute, is threatened with a maximum imprisonment of one year". If it is done through cyberspace, the provisions as regulated in Article 27 paragraph (1)  paragraph (2)) plus 3 (three) elements from Article 311 paragraph (1) KUHP c. Murder of women (Femicide) Femicide is a form of suppression of gender inequality; therefore, femicide aims to eliminate the life of a woman because of her gender identity as a woman. WHO categorizes femicides into 4 types, namely Intimate Femicide, Murders in the Name of "honour, Dowry-related Femicide, and non-intimate femicide. Intimate Femicide is a femicide carried out by the closest person to the victim who has an intimate relationship such as a boyfriend or husband. Judging someone who has a misogyny is not as well-known as assessing a person's physical disability, a misogyny can have an intimate relationship with a woman, but the tendency of an intimate relationship that is owned by a misogyny is violence and domination against his female partner. Intimate femicide perpetrators who have a tendency to misogyny will have a greater chance of killing women. Murders in the Name of "honour" is a femicide carried out in the name of maintaining honor which is carried out by killing a woman by both men and women themselves because, the victim is considered to have committed an act that violates the rules so that it can tarnish the honor, both family, certain ethnic groups, groups or clans of society. In the mindset of the perpetrator by killing the woman, it will protect the dignity of the family or group based on the traditions or teachings of certain religious sects. Dowry-related Femicide is a case of female death caused by homicide related to the issue of dowry or dowry. Determination of the dowry in a marriage often causes conflict in the family, the impact of the conflict is that women are victims. Non-intimate Femicide is a femicide that is carried out against women without any intimate relationship between the perpetrator and the victim. The trigger of the incident was purely because of the random actions of the perpetrators by targeting women as an outlet for their hatred, moreover the perpetrators had misogyny. The perpetrator will justify himself committing the murder of women even without any previous conflict and the motive for the killing is pure hatred of women.
Femicide is a type of violence against women resulting in the death. Femicide is a premeditated murder of women caused by hatred (misogyny), revenge, and an attitude that considers women as property rights so that they can do everything against women based on their will. The term femicide is different from murder in general. Femicides are influenced by motives, social conditions, women's identities and economic, social and cultural backgrounds. This action can also be influenced by the social role between the perpetrator and the victim, such as unequal power relations, resulting in the victim being seen as weaker than the perpetrator. This power is abused by the perpetrators to pressure the victim with threats. The criminal offense suspected of the perpetrator of femicide is based on the position, motive and pattern of the perpetrator. If the perpetrator is outside the family environment of the victim, the criminal threat used is based on the Criminal Code, while the perpetrator is a family or in a household environment, the criminal offense used refers to in the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 23 of 2004 concerning the Elimination of Domestic Violence.

Conclussion
Misogyny is a pattern of behavior that causes hatred towards women, it does not only occur in men but also for women who have feelings of hatred towards women. There are several factors that cause a person to become misogynistic, one of which is due to childhood trauma, wrong parenting and the masculinity of a person who dominates, including women who have experienced violence from other women, causing enormous hatred for women. Someone who becomes misogyny stems from deep trauma that comes from past events that cannot be forgotten. Misogyny from the perspective of gender violence has a positive correlation because misogyny acts only occur in certain genders, namely women who tend to occur in societies with patriarchal patterns. The misogyny relationship with violence against women is a causal relationship in which due to the excessive hatred of a person who is misogynistic towards women makes the person reflect this form of hatred by taking actions that can hurt women leading to violence both physically and psychologically. The actions of a misogynist have a tendency towards crime and violations of human rights. Violence committed against women can be in the form of sexual violence, physical violence in the form of persecution, slavery, to famicide, namely the murder of women based on the hate factors. A misogynist will view women as objects of torture and justify their acts of violence against women.
Humans are born in the same state, with purity and cleanliness of soul. A person can be misogynistic because he has a past history that makes him have an excessive sense of hatred towards women. To suppress acts of violence that occur due to gender-based hatred, it should be done by inculcating noble religious, spiritual, social and cultural moral values with the concept of tolerance and mutual respect for fellow human beings. Parents, family environment, community, government including the state need to supervise the pattern of community education for children starting from the smallest environment of children, namely parents to the social environment of the nation and state. Misogyny behavior patterns can only be prevented by instilling a just pattern of gender equality in which men and women have the same dignity and worth as human beings, men and women have the same position in the family, community, government, nation and state. There needs to be the early education to recognize the patterns of someone with misogyny to prevent the occurrence of gender-based violence. Because misogyny will only become a problem if it shows that there are actions that lead to gender-based violence.