Analysis of the Dominant Factors Associated with the Incidence of  Covid-19 in Prehospital and Intra-Hospital Nurses

Nur Intan Hayati Husnul Khotimah; Dede Nur Aziz Muslim; Santi Puspitasari; Haerul Imam

doi:10.46336/ijrcs.v5i2.625

Analysis of the Dominant Factors Associated with the Incidence of Covid-19 in Prehospital and Intra-Hospital Nurses

Nur Intan Hayati Husnul Khotimah, Dede Nur Aziz Muslim, Santi Puspitasari, Haerul Imam

Abstract

Nurses are the main lead in tackling the Covid-19 pandemic as if they are risking contracted by Covid-19. High stress during a pandemic has an impact on psychological problems, Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) usage, decision-making difficulty on triage, and fatigue in which those can decrease the immune systems. The aim of study was to identify the dominant factors related to the incidence of Covid-19 in nurses. This observational study used Cross Sectional Study design and consecutive sampling techniques at 136 respondents. Questionnaires was used as instruments tested by validity and reliability to measure Fatigue, Psychological Problems (Depression, Anxiety, Stress), Decision-Making Ability of Triage-EWS Screening Covid-19, Vaccination history, risks of exposure, PPE usage and Covid-19 Incidents. Dominant factor analysis was assessed using multivariate analysis by logistic regression test. Based on the results of the logistic regression test, it was found that the risk of exposure to Covid-19 was the dominant factor with the incidence of Covid-19 among nurses in the pre-intra-hospital settings with significance of the test results p value <0.0. Handling of Covid-19 incidents in health workers is crucial. It has been clear that the risk of exposure to people who are confirmed positive can increase the incidence of Covid-19, so it necessary to make prevention program by implementing physical distancing and increasing activities that impact on increasing of immunity.

Keywords

Fatigue, Psychological, Triage, PPE, Risk of Exposure, Vaccine

Full Text:

PDF

References

Hassanian-Moghaddam, Hossein; Zamani, Nasim; Kolahi, Ali-Asghar. COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare providers’ contamination and death: an international view [Internet] Critical Care 24.1: 1-2. 2020. Available from: https://ccforum.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s13054-020-02938-y.pdf

Pusara Digital Lapor Covid-19. Jumlah Tenaga Kesehatan Indonesia Yang Gugur Melawan Covid-19 . 2021. Available from: https://nakes.laporcovid19.org/

ANA. Public Health Nursing 2020 . 2020. Available from: https://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/workforce/public-health-nursing/

World Health Organization (WHO). State of the World’s Nursing Report 2020 . 2020. Available from; https://www.who.int/publications-detail/nursing-report-2020

Morley, G., Grady, C., McCarthy, J., & Ulrich, C. M. Covid‐19: ethical challenges for nurses . Hastings Center Report, 50(3), 35-39. 2020. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/hast.1110

Lapolla, P., Mingoli, A., & Lee, R. Deaths from COVID-19 in healthcare workers in Italy—What can we learn? Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, 1-2 . 2020. Available from: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/infection-control-and-hospital-epidemiology/article/deaths-from-covid19-in-healthcare-workers-in-italywhat-can-we-learn/BDA8BA987868E2B86B50F0D070496827

Heinzerling, A., Stuckey, P. M. J., Scheuer, T., Xu, K., Perkins, K. M., Resseger, H., ... & Epson, E. Transmission of COVID-19 to health care personnel during exposures to a hospitalized patient—Solano County, California, February 2020 . 2020. Available from: https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/86726

Gómez-Ochoa, S. A., Franco, O. H., Rojas, L. Z., Raguindin, P. F., Roa-Díaz, Z. M., Wyssmann, B. M., ... & Muka, T. COVID-19 in health-care workers: a living systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence, risk factors, clinical characteristics, and outcomes . American journal of epidemiology, 190(1), 161-175. 2021. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/aje/article/190/1/161/5900120?login=true

Firew, T., Sano, E. D., Lee, J. W., Flores, S., Lang, K., Salman, K., & Chang, B. P. Protecting the front line: a cross-sectional survey analysis of the occupational factors contributing to healthcare workers’ infection and psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic in the USA . BMJ open, 10(10), e042752. 2020. Available from: https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/bmjopen/10/10/e042752.full.pdf

González-Gil, M. T., González-Blázquez, C., Parro-Moreno, A. I., Pedraz-Marcos, A., Palmar-Santos, A., Otero-García, L., ... & Oter-Quintana, C. Nurses’ perceptions and demands regarding COVID-19 care delivery in critical care units and hospital emergency services . Intensive and Critical Care Nursing, 62, 102966. 2021. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0964339720301695

Jin, Y. H., Huang, Q., Wang, Y. Y., Zeng, X. T., Luo, L. S., Pan, Z. Y., ... & Wang, X. H. Perceived infection transmission routes, infection control practices, psychosocial changes, and management of COVID-19 infected healthcare workers in a tertiary acute care hospital in Wuhan: a cross-sectional survey . Military Medical Research, 7, 1-13. 2020. Available from: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40779-020-00254-8.pdf

An, Y., Yang, Y., Wang, A., Li, Y., Zhang, Q., Cheung, T., ... & Xiang, Y. T. Prevalence of depression and its impact on quality of life among frontline nurses in emergency departments during the COVID-19 outbreak . Journal of affective disorders, 276, 312-315. 2020. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0165032720324381

Hu, D., Kong, Y., Li, W., Han, Q., Zhang, X., Zhu, L. X., ... & Zhu, J. Frontline nurses’ burnout, anxiety, depression, and fear statuses and their associated factors during the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan, China: A large-scale cross-sectional study . EClinicalMedicine, 24, 100424. 2020. Available from: https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S2589537020301681?token=AB7E9452E121964D8EF6FE9761E100F8F0C89958B7FF16D841DD1E22634D97582EF222F1BE2D0680E9E7822E1C4B47C2

Major, A., & Hlubocky, F. J. Mental health of health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic and evidence-based frameworks for mitigation: A rapid review . medRxiv. 2021. Available from: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.03.21249166v1.full.pdf

Yasa, P. W. S. (2019). Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi Sistem Imun Wisatawan. 2019. Asia Book Registry, 27-37.

Lovibond, SH, Lovibond, PF. Manual for the Depression Anxiety & Stress Scales. 1995. 2nd Ed. Sydney: Psychology Foundation

Ramdan, I. M. Measuring Work Fatigue on Nurses: A Comparison between Indonesian Version of Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS) and Japanese Industrial Fatigue Ressearch Commite (JIFRC) Fatigue Questionnaire. Jurnal Keperawatan Padjadjaran, 2019. Available from: http://jkp.fkep.unpad.ac.id/index.php/jkp/article/view/1092/225

Ghinai, Isaac, et al. First known person-to-person transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the USA. The Lancet, 2020, 395.10230: 1137-1144. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673620306073

Sugiono, Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif dan R&D. 2012. Bandung: Alfabeta

Covid, C. D. C., Team, R., COVID, C., Team, R., Burrer, S. L., de Perio, M. A., ... & Walters, M. (2020). Characteristics of health care personnel with COVID-19—United States, February 12–April 9, 2020. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69(15), 477. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7755055/

O’Mahony, S., Ziadni, M., Hoerger, M., Levine, S., Baron, A., & Gerhart, J. (2018). Compassion fatigue among palliative care clinicians: findings on personality factors and years of service. American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine®, 35(2), 343-347. Available from: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1049909117701695

Al Maqbali, M., Al Sinani, M., & Al-Lenjawi, B. (2021). Prevalence of stress, depression, anxiety and sleep disturbance among nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 141, 110343. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022399920309053

Khairina, I., Malini, H., & Huriani, E. (2018). Faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan pengambilan keputusan perawat dalam ketepatan triase di kota padang. Indonesian Journal for Health Sciences, 2(1), 1-6. Available from: https://journal.umpo.ac.id/index.php/IJHS/article/view/707/694

Junaedi, D., Arsyad, M. R., Salistia, F., & Romli, M. (2022). Menguji Efektivitas Vaksinasi Covid-19 di Indonesia. Reslaj: Religion Education Social Laa Roiba Journal, 4(1), 120-143. Available from: https://journal.laaroiba.ac.id/index.php/reslaj/article/view/537/455

Matrajt, L., Eaton, J., Leung, T., & Brown, E. R. (2021). Vaccine optimization for COVID-19: Who to vaccinate first?. Science Advances, 7(6), eabf1374. Available from: https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/sciadv.abf1374

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46336/ijrcs.v5i2.625